General objective of the module:
This module on the lithosphere deals with the physical features on the earth's surface, the mechanism, that have shaped them and the influence on our lives. The topics range from practical inquiry studies on observation and study of local landforms to theoretical backed studies on the restless earth, soils, and rocks, the challenge of the natural environments and oceans of the world. Since, it is assumed, that the student teachers are familiar and knowledgeable with the conceptual aspects of this module, the main thrust will be centred on furthering their knowledge and understanding to a higher level.
i. To differentiate between various landforms and surface features of the Earth and acquire an understanding of the physical patterns and changes operating at different scales and in different spatial contexts.
ii. It also attempts to examine the impact of the physical processes in our lives and vice-versa.

Specific objectives or learning outcomes :
On completion of this module, the trainee teacher will be able to:

i. Undertake a project on the study of local landforms, the processes involved and significant aspects of human activity and management of the landforms;
ii. Examine and analyse the various theories related to the concept -the restless Earth;
iii. Study and examine the formation, types of soils and rocks. Identify the causes and effects of soil erosion through some case studies;
iv. Analyse the global distribution patterns of earthquakes and volcanoes in relation to crustal plates and plate boundaries;
v. Examine, analyse and evaluate the features, processes involved in river system. Identify and discuss the management strategies in river system using some case studies;
vi. Identify, explain and compare the challenges of the natural environment in the light of glaciations, marine and aeolin erosion and associated processes;
vii. Explore and examine oceans of the world in terms of the life in them and oceans as resource frontiers.

Subject matter of the module

1. Observation and study of Local Landforms
• The processes involved and significant aspects of human activity and management.

General objective of the module:
This Module is the study of the dynamics of the atmosphere – weather and climate. They have always fascinated both experts and laypersons alike. They are considered an essential part in understanding the spatial relationships where appropriate. Therefore, the study of climate and weather is fundamental to geography, as human life exists inevitably in a physical context, which has considerable relevance and application to all other aspects of geography. The study of climate and weather being a part of physical geography are capable of supporting human life. Thus, they, as basic environmental factors, are perhaps the keystones of physical geography. In the broadest sense, climate and weather both exhibit the characteristic of the conditions of the atmosphere, its causes and effects on both the people and the environment.
i. The principal aim of this module is to enhance the knowledge and understanding of weather and climate at a global, regional and local level.
Specific objectives or learning outcomes:
On completion of this module, the trainee teacher will be able to:
i. Explain the concepts of Climate and Weather;
ii. Distinguish the characteristics of the two concepts;
iii. Elucidate the elements and factors of both the phenomena;
iv. Explain how they influence the climate/weather of a place;
v. Describe the different systems of Climatic Classification and the Criteria used;
vi. Expound the criteria used in the classification process;
vii. Compare and contrast the different systems of Classifications;
viii. Consider the practicable use of a system from the ones discussed in the module;
ix. Explain the Origin, Composition, Structure and Significance of the Earth’s Atmosphere;
x. Assess the importance of Atmosphere in our lives;
xi. Explain the transfer of Energy from the Sun to the Earth; the dynamics of the Global Heat Balance and the Effects of Solar Radiation;
xii. Examine the theories on the Atmospheric Circulation; the Planetary Wind and Pressure Belt Systems and related aspects;
xiii. Analyse the latitudinal and longitudinal variations of the atmospheric circulation and the Significance of the general circulation of atmosphere;
xiv. Explore and analyse the theories on the Causes of Climatic Changes, the Evidences that support them;
xv. Demonstrate an understanding of climatic change as a natural phenomenon;
xvi. Appreciate Climate Changes as a natural phenomenon;
xvii. Value the role of climate on people’s health, their lives and activities.

Subject matter of the module

1. The Science of Climate
• Concepts of Climate and Weather
• Weather Vs Climate
• Origin of the Elements of Weather and Climate
• The Controls of Weather and Climate
• Climatology and Meteorology.
2. Climatic Classifications
• Classifying Climates
• Criteria for Classifying Climates–Solar Illumination, Net Radiation, Precipitation, Soil-moisture Balance and Vegetation and soils.
• Genetic Vs Empirical Classification
• Köppen’s Classification
• Thornwaite’s Classification
• Trewartha’s Classification
3. The Earth’s Atmosphere
• The Atmosphere of the Earth – General Characteristics; Significance of terrestrial atmosphere
• The Origin of Atmosphere
• Composition of the Atmosphere
• Structure of the Atmosphere
4. The Earth’s Heat Budget
• Energy Transfer – Conduction, Radiation and Convection
• Solar Radiation – i. Interception by the Earth
ii. How the Earth and its Atmosphere gets heated
iii. Distribution of Solar Radiation
iv. Effects of Solar Radiation – Scattering and Reflection
v. Earth’s Albedo
• The Earth’s Annual Energy Budget

5. Atmospheric Circulation
• Theories on Atmospheric Circulation – Hadley’s Theory; Dishpan Experiment; Rossby Waves
• Ferrel’s Law and Ocean Currents
• Earth’s Surface Wind System; Latitudinal Shifting of Wind Belts
• Earth’s Pressure Belt System - Fronts and Air Masses; Depressions and Anticyclones
• Jet Streams
•
6. Climatic Changes
• The Earth’s Changing Climate
• Reconstruction of Past Climates
• Possible Causes of Climatic Variability

7. Climate and People
• Impact of Climate and Weather on Human Activities and their lives and vice versa
• Climate and Vegetation Zones – Effects of Latitudes and Altitudes on vegetation (Adret and Ubac sites)
• Climate and Health
Mode of Assessment:
i. Examination: 50
ii. Course Work: 50
• Project Work on the study of Climate and Weather: 15
• Minor Assignment on a Climatic phenomenon: 15
• Improvisation of Weather Instruments/
Mini Stevenson’s Screen: 10
• Class Presentations: 10

General objective of the module:
i. To assess on the human society, its common root and its change and continuity.
ii. To critically analyze on the development of the human society through which it has evolved to its present stage.
iii. Appreciate the contributions made by various cultures to the total heritage of the mankind and the strong link among the different parts of the world.
iv. To value the legacy of different civilizations of the human society.

Specific objectives or learning outcomes:
On completion of this module, the trainee teacher will be able to:

i. Collect in-depth information on the early civilizations of the world.
ii. Write a reasonable account on the chosen topics from the selected information.
iii. Assess the contributions of the particular civilization to the development of human society.
iv. Present the written account with illustrations to the class.
v. Defend and justify their historical accounts.
vi. Compare and contrast the various civilizations.
vii. Interpret different sources of historical evidences on the various civilizations.
viii. Critically analyze the rise and the fall of various civilizations.
ix. Develop empathetic out look to the legacies of the civilizations to the development of human society.
x. Teach competently in the lower, middle and higher secondary schools.

Subject matter of the module

a) The Chinese Civilization.
o Geographical location and the extent of the civilization.
o People and their races, language, script and art of writing, literature, scientific development, art of architecture, paintings, sculpture, music, dance, games and sports.
o Political system: the emperor and the nobility, structure of the general administration, religion and philosophy.
o Economic activities- agriculture, animal husbandry, industries, trade and commerce
o Their contribution to the human society as a whole.
o Causes of the decline of this civilization.
b) The Mesopotamian Civilization.
o Geographical location and the extent of the civilization.
o People: their race, language, script and the art of writing, literature, development of science, architecture, painting, sculpture, music, dance, games and sports.
o Political system: the government and the administrative structure, religion and philosophy. Economic activities: agriculture, animal husbandry, industries, trade and commerce.
o Their contribution to the human society.
o Causes of their decline.

c) The Egyptian civilization.
o Geographical location and the extent of the civilization.
o People: origin and race, language, script and art of writing, literature, scientific development.
o Architecture: tomb, temples, painting, sculpture, music, dance, games and sports. Political system: the government and its structure, religion and philosophy.
o Economic activities: agriculture, industries, trade and commerce.
o Their contribution to the world civilization.
o Causes of the decline.

d) The Indus valley Civilization.
o Geographical location and the extent of the civilization.
o People: their race, language, script and the art of writing, literature, scientific development, architecture and town planning, paintings, sculpture, music, dance, games and sports.
o Political system, religion and philosophy.
o Economic activities: agriculture, industries, trade and commerce.
o Their contribution to the human society
o Causes of their decline.

e) The Greek civilization.
o Geographical location and the extent of the civilization.
o People: their race, language, script and the art of writing, literature, scientific development, architectures, paintings, sculptures, music, games and sports.
o Political system and the structure of the government, religion and philosophy.
o Economic activities: agriculture, industries, trade and commerce,
o Their contribution to the world civilization and,
o Cause of decline.

f) The Incas and Aztecs and Maya civilization.
• Geographical location and the extent of the civilization.
• People: their race, script and the art of writing, literature, scientific development, architectures, paintings, sculptures, games and sports. Political system: the structure of administration, religion and philosophy.
• Economic development: agriculture, industries, trade and commerce.
• Their contribution to the human society.

g) The Zimbabwe Civilization.
o Geographical location and the extent of the civilization.
o People: race, script and art of writing, literature, scientific development, architecture, paintings, sculptures, games and sports.
o Political system: system of administration, religion and philosophy.
o Economic development: agriculture, industries, trade and commerce.
Mode of Assessment:
Nature of Assignments Only Course work Remarks
Minor assignments 2 1000 to 1500 words
Major assignments 2 3000 – 5000 words
Group presentations 1 to 2

General objective of the module:
i. To develop critical thinking on the history of important countries in Europe and Asia, which played an important role in changing the attitude towards world politics and shaping to the present world scenario.
ii. To facilitate the student teachers with adequate information of world history to teach in the schools.
iii. To assess the in-depth study of the world history for better understanding.

Specific objectives or learning outcomes:
On completion of this module, the trainee teacher will be able to:

i. Analyze the causes and the results of the Russian revolution of 1917 and its effects on the social, political, economic and cultural life of the Russians.
ii. Examine the effects of the Russian revolution of 1917 on the international politics.
iii. Compare and contrast the then life of the people of Russia with that of the present time.
iv. Examine the circumstances, which led to the Meiji restoration in Japan.
v. Analyze the effects of the Meiji restoration on the social, political, economic and cultural life of the people of Japan.
vi. Analyze the effects of Meiji restoration on the regional politics of the Far East.
vii. Assess the factors that led to the emergence of Japan as a world power.
viii. Examine the causes and results of the French revolution and its effects on the social, political, economic and cultural life of the people of France.
ix. Analyze and assess the role of Napoleon during the revolution and its effects on the European politics.
x. Assess the disintegration into the various nations.
xi. Teach the world history in the schools.

Subject matter of the module

UNIT I: Russia from the reign of Alexander II till present Geographical location
of Russia.
a) A brief historical background of Russia
• Alexander II: Policy of reform.
• The Edict of Emancipation.
• Effects of the Emancipation.
• Other reforms of Alexander II.
• Revolutionary movement.
• Alexander III 1845-94.
• Nicholas II 1868-1918.
• Economic Conditions.
• Revolutionary forces.
• The causes, Course and effects of revolution of 1905.
b) The Causes and the Course of Bolshevik revolution
• Social, economic, cultural and political issues.
• First World War and its effects.
• Lenin’s role in the revolution.
• Bolshevik difficulties and problems.
• The Revolutionary Reconstruction.
• Emergence of the U. S.S.R.
c) Lenin’s foreign policy and World Revolution
• An estimate of Lenin’s achievements.
• The international significance of the Bolshevik revolution.
• World revolution versus revolution in one country.
d) Joseph Stalin 1924-53
• Russia under Stalin and Russia as a Super power.
• Stalin’s economic policy.
• What were Russia’s economic problems.
• The approach.
• The Five-Year Plans and Collectivization.
• The Five-year Plans.
• Collectivization.
• Stalin and social and political problems.
• The purges.
• A new constitution.
• Social and cultural policies.
• Holding the Union together.
• An estimate of Stalin.
e). The Khrushchev era- 1953-64
• Khrushchev’s problems and policies.
• Industrial policies.
• Agricultural policy.
• Political changes.
• Foreign affairs.
• Khrushchev’s fall.
f). The USSR stagnates
• The Brezhnev era.
• Economic policies.
• The Eastern Bloc.
• Human rights.
• Foreign policy.
• Andropov and Chernenko.
g). Gorbachev and the end of communist rule
• Gorbachev’s new policies.
• Glasnost.
• Economic affairs.
• Political changes.
h). Disintegration of U.S.S.R
• Opposition from radicals and conservative.
• The economic reforms did not produce results quickly enough.
• Nationalist pressures.
• Gorbachev and Yeltshin were now bitter rivals.
• The coup of August 1991.
• The verdict on Gorbachev.
• An estimate of Gorbahchev.
i). Russia after Gorbachev
j). Boris N. Yeltsin
k). Vladimir Putin
UNIT II: Napoleonic France
a) Geographical location of France
A brief historical background of France
• France during Charlemagne’s Roman empire.
• France under the rule of Louis-XIV.
• France under the rule of Louis-XV.
• France under the rule of Louis-XVI.
• French Society – Three Estates.
• The Principles of the French Revolution.
b) The Revolutionary philosophers
• Voltaire.
• Rousseau.
• Montesquieu.

c) The significance of the French Revolution 1789 A.D
d) The French Revolution sets Europe ablaze
e) Napoleon Bonaparte
• Napoleon’s early Career.
• Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power.
• Napoleon as Emperor of France.
f) Administration of Napoleon Bonaparte
• Conciliation of the Catholics.
• Centralization and efficiency.
• Legal reforms.
• Economic reforms (Napoleon’s Code).
• Patronage of merit (Educational reforms).
g) Napoleonic Europe
• The empire of Napoleon.
• The Egyptian campaign.
• The Anglo- French naval conflict – The Continental System.
• Napoleonic Germany, 1806.
h) The break-up of Napoleon’s Power: The Coalition Wars
• The First Coalition War (1793-1797).
• The Second Coalition War (1798-1802).
• Third Coalition War (1805-1807).
• The Russian (Moscow) campaign (1812).
• The war of Liberation: the fourth coalition war (1813).
i) The Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte
• Continental system.
• The Battle of Leipzig (1813).
• The Battle of Waterloo (1815).
• Other causes of Napoleon’s downfall.

j) Significance of Napoleon’s work
• An Estimate of Napoleon Bonaparte.
UNIT III: Japan from Meiji Restoration till Present
• Geographical location of Japan
• A brief historical background of Japan
• 1868 Meiji restoration.
• The Meiji Constitution1889
• Sino-Japanese War 1894-95
• Causes, course and the significance of the Sino-Japanese War
• Russo-Japanese War 1904-05.
• Causes, course and the significance of the Russo-Japanese War
• Annexation of Korea 1910.
• Death of Emperor Meiji 1912
• 1914-18 Japan joins allied forces in WW1.
• Manchurian Incident 1931.
• Second Sino-Japanese War 1937.
• Causes, course and the significance of the Second Sino-Japanese War
• Pacific War 1941
• Causes, courses and the Significance of the Pacific War
• Japan surrenders after two atomic bombs are dropped over Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1945.
• The new constitution is promulgated 1946.
• The Allied Occupation of Japan ends 1952
• Japan becomes member of the UN 1956.
• Normalization of relations to China 1972.
• Oil crisis1973.
• The LDP loses its majority in the diet 1993
• The Great Hanshin Earthquake hits Kobe1995
• Sarin Gas attack in the Tokyo subway by AUM sect.

Mode of Assessment:

Nature of Assignments Course work (50%)
Examination (50%) Remarks
Minor assignments 2 1000 to 1500 words
Major assignments 1 3000 – 5000 words
Group presentations 1-3
Any other area Examination